Male infertility is often overlooked, even though it accounts for at least half of all cases where couples struggle to conceive. The good news is that many causes can be identified, monitored, and successfully treated. The key lies in awareness, timely action, and lifestyle changes.

Although fertility challenges are often complex, many causes can be recognized and addressed. Here’s an overview of the most common issues – and how to detect them in time.

1. Varicocele – the silent saboteur of fertility

Varicocele is a dilation of the veins in the scrotum that disrupts natural circulation and raises the local temperature in the testicular area. This heat negatively affects sperm production (spermatogenesis). Varicocele affects about 15% of the general male population and up to 40% of men diagnosed with infertility.

Symptoms are often absent, making early diagnosis difficult. Fortunately, there are non-invasive cooling methods, such as specialized underwear with gel pads (e.g., COOLERS by PolarCare), that can help alleviate the effects.

2. Hormonal imbalance

Testosterone and other hormones (LH, FSH, prolactin) play a key role in sperm production. Any disruption in their levels can significantly affect fertility. Common causes include:

• stress

• obesity

• thyroid disorders

• use of anabolic steroids or certain medications

Blood tests and hormone panels are the first step in identifying problems. Proper nutrition, exercise, and supplements like tribulus terrestris may help in milder cases.

3. Poor sperm quality

Low sperm count, poor motility, and abnormal morphology can be caused by various factors, including:

• heat exposure (e.g., sauna, laptop on lap)

• prolonged sitting

• wearing tight underwear

• poor diet and lack of antioxidants

Supplements containing L-carnitine, zinc, selenium, coenzyme Q10, and vitamins C and E may improve semen quality. Avoiding heat exposure is often the first recommended step.

4. Infections and inflammation

Past or chronic infections of the reproductive or urinary tract (such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, or prostatitis) can leave lasting effects on fertility. In some cases, scar tissue forms and blocks the sperm pathways.

Regular checkups, responsible sexual behavior, and prompt treatment are essential for prevention.

5. Lifestyle and environmental factors

Infertility isn't always caused by medical issues – sometimes it’s hidden in daily habits. Key risk factors include:

• smoking

• excessive alcohol consumption

• exposure to toxins (heavy metals, pesticides)

• stress and sleep deprivation

• chronic fatigue and overtraining

Lifestyle changes often lead to the first positive improvements – sometimes within just a few months.

6. Genetic and structural causes

In a smaller percentage of cases, infertility is linked to genetic disorders (e.g., Klinefelter syndrome) or physical blockages in the reproductive system. These cases require specialist evaluation and may be managed through assisted reproductive techniques.

When is the time to act?

Many men delay fertility testing, believing the issue is “just temporary” or that fertility is solely a female concern. However, if conception does not occur after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse, it is recommended that both partners undergo basic evaluations – including a sperm analysis, which is simple, painless, and often the first step toward understanding the problem. Early diagnosis increases the chances of success and saves valuable time, especially for those planning parenthood later in life.

Take timely action

Male fertility is not static – it changes over time, and even from week to week, depending on lifestyle, diet, stress, and other factors. The good news is that many causes of infertility are not permanent and can be managed or resolved with the right approach.

Regular checkups, awareness of risk factors, and small but consistent lifestyle changes are often enough to make a major difference. And for those seeking proactive support, there are natural, discreet, and easy-to-use solutions – such as functional underwear or targeted supplements that support male reproductive health.